Iconic Architects: Louis Kahn, 1901–1974

This series celebrates the lives and works of iconic architects. From early influences to key designs, discover the stories behind some of the world’s most famous buildings and their inspiring creators.

Architect at a Glance
Name: Louis Isadore Kahn (1901–1974).
Design philosophy: Kahn was interested in community life and the social responsibility of architecture.
Distinctive style: Heavy brick and concrete against more refined surfaces, such as glass
Major works: Yale University Art Gallery, Connecticut (1951–1953); Salk Institute, California (1959–1965); Kimbell Art Museum, Texas (1967–1972); the National Assembly Building, Dhaka, Bangladesh (1961–1983); Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park, New York (1972–2012)
Honors: Awarded the American Institute of Architects’ Gold Medal in 1971 and the Royal Gold Medal by the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1972

Images from Louis Kahn: The Power of Architecture, an exhibition at The Design Museum

Childhood. On Feb. 20 1901, Louis Isadore Kahn was born into a very poor family in tsarist Russia, now Estonia. He emigrated to Philadelphia as a boy, excelled at art and music as a young student, and was the art editor of the Central High School magazines Mirror and Record. At the age of 19, he won a scholarship to study at the University of Philadelphia, where he graduated with numerous awards and a Bachelor of Architecture in 1924.



Early years. Kahn worked for a few architectural practices in Philadelphia before establishing his own in 1935. In the postwar prosperity, he became involved in the urban regeneration of the city, perceiving it as an urban laboratory in which to explore the relationship between architecture and city planning.


Architecture and community. Kahn hoped to design enduring forms that would help to facilitate family and community life. “He saw architecture as a location for community to take place and be created,” says Alex Newson, curator of Louis Kahn: The Power of Architecture, an exhibition (now closed) at The Design Museum in London.


Architecture and nature. In this model of his City Tower project for Philadelphia, the resemblance with the double-helix structure of DNA is unmistakable. Kahn perceived a strong link between nature and design, seeing both DNA and architecture as the building blocks of life.

While the City Tower project remains unbuilt, it influenced and inspired Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa and the Metabolist movement, a postwar Japanese architectural movement that highlights the link between architectural megastructure and organic biology.


Teaching. Kahn was a highly respected professor. He taught at the Yale School of Architecture, won a fellowship to the American Academy in Rome, was a visiting lecturer at Princeton University and was a professor at the School of Design, University of Pennsylvania, where he taught until his death in 1974.


Distinctive style. The International style — which emerged during the first decades of modern architecture in the 1920s and ’30s — was lightweight and open. Kahn eschewed this, pioneering his own, new style of modern architecture. He valued mass and weight and wanted to bring back the presence of the symbolic and monumental into architecture.

“In many ways Kahn was the ultimate iconoclast. His buildings look markedly different to that of his modernist contemporaries. Kahn showed us that there was another way to be modern,” says Newson. “His buildings are undeniably modern, but they are also elemental, archaic and spiritual.”


Yale University Art Gallery, Connecticut, 1951–1953. This was Kahn’s first significant commission. The facade is brick and glass, designed to evoke different responses with the changing light of day. The contrast between the solid brick walls at the side of the buildings and the steel-lined glass front is characteristic of Kahn’s use of both void and mass in creating structure.


Salk Institute, California, 1959–1965. Jonas Salk (1914–1995) discovered the first polio vaccine, and Kahn was recommended to him as the best architect to build his laboratory in La Jolla. The brief was to design somewhere Picasso could be invited to. Kahn created an inspiring and functional space for research that was an architectural masterpiece.


Kimbell Art Museum, Texas, 1967–1972. Natural light was a key factor in this museum’s construction. The building is a compilation of barrel-like structures — Kahn is pictured standing inside one of them here. The skylights at the top of each structure let in plenty of light, which is diffused by aluminum reflectors to prevent direct sunlight. The arches and vaults hint at Roman architecture, perhaps inspired by Kahn’s European travels.


Kahn’s houses. Kahn also completed nine houses, all in and around Philadelphia. Here he’s pictured working on the Fisher House design in 1961. Some of the houses are still owned by the original families; others have been on the market; and others have been preserved. Kahn considered the shape, format and use of each room carefully — each element was meticulously thought out to facilitate the life and interaction of each individual family.


Korman House, Pennsylvania, 1971–1973. Clients were required to describe in writing the way in which they wanted to live their lives. The Korman House was designed so the family would be able to play football in every room.

Although a father of three children himself, all were with separate women, and Kahn never experienced the close family life he so diligently labored to create in his nine houses.


Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban, Bangladesh, 1961–1983. The National Assembly Building in Dhaka, Bangladesh, has been described as Kahn’s magnum opus, and was completed posthumously in 1983.


The structure, although modernist, is rooted in the culture and architectural style of its surroundings. It was made using local materials that would withstand the desert climate — poured-in-place concrete laced with white marble — and has become a symbol of Bangladeshi pride and culture. Newson adds that since Bangladesh declared independence, “the building has taken on additional significance, elevating it beyond just architecture and becoming an icon for a fledgling democracy.”


Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park, New York, 1972–2012. New York City’s Four Freedoms Park opened to the public in 2012, almost 40 years after it was designed by Kahn, as a memorial to President Franklin D. Roosevelt.


The park sits at the southernmost tip of Roosevelt Island, overlooking Manhattan. It was Kahn’s last work — he was carrying the finished designs with him at the time of his death in 1974 — and now stands as a monument to both architect and president.

URL: Iconic Architects: Louis Kahn, 1901–1974 http://www.decor-ideas.org/cases-view-id-25646.html